Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing
22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation
24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response
25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding
27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with
28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject
29.[A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect
30.[A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
31.[A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length
32.[A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence
33.[A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced
34.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously
35.[A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as
36.[A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage
37.[A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible
38.[A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
39.[A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity
40.[A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
总体分析
从总体上看，2004年的考研完型填空难度并不高，无论是文章本身的阅读难度还是所考查的词汇难度都处于平均水平。从文章背景来看这是一篇有关探讨导致青少年犯罪因素理论的社会科学类说明文，仍然遵循了近些年来完型文章基本都是选取有关社会科学题材的说明文或议论文的传统。
从文章的布局和结构来看，依旧按照完型文章最为典型的总分对照结构，由总述句概括出一个中心主线，整篇文章围绕着这个中心主线展开，具体的文章结构和中心主线分析如下：
本文采用了总分对照结构，文章的首句即为本文的总述句，直接定义出本文的核心主题：“Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.”
即本文主题是有关青少年犯罪的理论，而且这些理论主要分为两大类：一类侧重于个人因素的影响，另一类侧重于社会因素的影响。文章的分述部分就是围绕着这些理论详细展开，具体列举了造成青少年犯罪率上升的几种因素。 词汇考点分析
从所考查的词汇分布来看，2004年完型仍然是重点考查动词的用法、近义词辨析、以及通过考连词考查考生对上下文（句）逻辑关系的理解这三大考点。
考查动词用法的题占了6道，包括21、26、29、30、33、40题；
考查名词近义词辨析占了6道，包括23、24、32、36、38、39题；
考查形容词近义词辨析占了2道，比往年要少，包括28和37题；
考查副词近义词辨析只有1道，34题；
考查近义词辨析的题一共有9道；
通过考连词考查上下文（句）逻辑关系的题占了3道，包括22、25、35题；从上述分析可以看出，三大考点就一共占了完型填空全部20道题中的18道题。其他的考介词的1道（27题）、考固定搭配的1道（31题）。
分析每年的完型填空的词汇考点对于考生有针对性地复习词汇还是很有指导意义的。 英语知识运用分析
21. 答案：[C] centering
分析：本题是典型的“复现”题，即作者在文章不同的地方使用相同或者不同的词汇表达相同或类似的意思。本文的第一句话中（Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence），已经使用了词组：. focus on（关注于，侧重于，着重于）解释理论侧重于的内容；而且本段落的最后一句话在解释另一种理论所侧重于的内容时，又一次使用了focus on （Theories focusing on the role of society……）, 所以，作者为本题已经给出了明确的已知提示线索—“focus on”，从4个选项中选出centering on表达与focus on同样意思即可。
22. 答案：[D] because
分析：本题是考查上下句逻辑关系衔接的连词题，从前后两句来看一定是因果关系，后面的句子（they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or……）是对前一句青少年为什么犯罪的解释，只能选择[D] because。如果选择了其他三个选项，上下句的逻辑关系就不通了。
23. 答案：[A] interactions
分析：本题明显考查词义的辨析，考查考生对这4个名词意义和用法的深入理解。在4个选项中最具有干扰性的是 [B] assimilation（吸收，使同化），这个词不要理解为“模仿”，其准确意义用英文解释为：(to become part of a group or society etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group or society), 即改变成为什么的一部分，即“同化。而从本题所在句子提供的信息是表示：青少年之所以犯罪的途径是什么，介词through 表达是就是通过什么途径，本填空的所要选的名词即表达这个途径。青少年做“learned criminal behavior”这个动作显然不可能是通过“成为其他人的一部分”这个途径。而[A] interactions 这个词的意思是（activities of talking and doing things with other people）在这里表达了“与别人互动的意思，这样与前边青少年“learned criminal behavior” 这个动作就形成合理搭配了。选项 [C] cooperation（合作）以及 [D] consultation（咨询，商量）与本题题意不相符合。
24. 答案：[D] response
分析：本题首先可以看出与前边的22题的选项“because”形成复现呼应，即本题也是选择一个表示“青少年犯罪的原因是什么”。因此，排除 in return to (回报) 以及 in reference to (关于，有关，注意crimes in reference to 表示 “有关……的犯罪”)；in reply to 表示“对……的回答或回复”，reply 在这里表示的意思很窄，仅限定为“回答或回复”，因此只有in response to表达出了“对…….的回应、反应，在这里可以引申“由于或者出于”的意思，表示一种因果的关系。
25. 答案：[A] or
分析：本题很简单，从逻辑关系判断，本题所连接的两个成分是并列地表达“青少年犯罪的原因”。而且，作者在前边解释第一个理论时所用的句型中（……they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through……）已经使用过了“or”，上下两个句子的结构实际是对等的，找到对应关系也很容易选出[A] or。
26. 答案：[B] ignoring
分析：对于本题考生只要能正确理解上下句的提示线索，就很简单。前边的线索是：大多数的理论把青少年犯罪归咎于他们来自贫困家庭（disadvantaged families），后面的线索：来自富有家庭（wealthy homes）的孩子也会犯罪；这就说明前面的这个理论是没有考虑后面的这个事实（fact）的。能准确表达这个意思的词只能是[B] ignoring；[D] discarding（丢弃）在这里与宾语fact的搭配意思不合适；而[A] considering（考虑）以及[C] highlighting（使显著）与题意不符合。
27. 答案：[C] for
分析：本题所在的这句话（The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control）中的“The latter”指代的是上句中的“children from wealthy homes”，所以本题仍然是选择一个“青少年犯罪原因”表因果关系的词，显然是[C] for。
28. 答案：[D] subject
分析：本题所在的句子（All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism）实际上是进行一个小的总结，即对前边提到的理论下一个定义。因此本题的提示线索很明显：前边文章中已经明确指出了各种理论存在缺陷，因此这些theories与criticism（批评）之间的关系一定是be subject to “易受到批评的”。选项[A] immune（免疫于，即不会受到批评）和[B] resistant（抗拒）都不符合提示线索。[C] sensitive（对……敏感）这个意思与本题无关。
29. 答案：[A] affect
分析：本题所在的句子是本段的首句，而且从上下文的关系可以判断出它是本段的总述句，本题可以应用“总分结构对照法”，也就是说本题所要选的这个动词是对下面分述的总结。本段的分述部分明确地指出“经济变化引起的失业率增加从而导致犯罪率的上升”，即都是围绕着“社会变化如何引起犯罪率的变化”。把握了以上提示线索，本题的答案一定是[A] affect（影响）。其他选项[B] reduce（减少）以及[C] chock（稳定）在文章中都没有已知提示线索的支持；[D] reflect（反映）表达不出对本句与和下面分述部分的呼应关系，也造成本句的意思不清。
30. 答案：[B] lead
分析：本题考查固定短语的意义和用法辨析。首先根据本题所在句子提供的信息很容易看出前边的“changes in the economy” 导致或者造成了后边“fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment”局面的出现，表达这个意思的短语是“lead to”；其他选项均不能准确表达此意思。
31. 答案：[A] in general
分析：本题从题意上只有选择[A] in general（总体上）才合适。[B] on average（平均地）、[C] by contrast（相反地）、[D] at length（详细地）均不符合题意。
32. 答案：[C] turn
分析：本题从4个短语所表达的意思来看: “in case”表示“万一”、“in short ” 表示“简而言之”、“in essence ”表示“本质上、实质上”、“in turn ” 表示“依次”；而从本句与前边句子的衔接关系来看，显然只有in turn与本句话的意思可以搭配，即经济波动导致失业增加，造成工作难找，由此引起的不满情绪就依次造成犯罪率上升；
33. 答案：[D] experienced
分析：本题考查谓语动词，主要从主语（主谓搭配）和宾语（动宾搭配）两个线索来判断。只有[D] experienced changes既符合动宾搭配，也符合题意，即家庭在这些年也经历了变化；选项[A] survived（幸存，幸免于）以及[B] noticed （注意到）所表达的意义与本题无关；而[C] undertaken（承担）不与changes构成动宾搭配；
34. 答案：[B] consequently
分析：从本题所涉及的上下句的逻辑关系判断一定是因果关系，因此[B] consequently（结果地）是最佳选项；其他选项[A] contrarily（相反地）、[C] similarly（相似地）以及[D] simultaneously（同时地）不能表达因果关系。
35. 答案：[A] than
分析：从本题所涉及的上下句所提示的信息来看：（children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family），如果选择[B] that或者[C] which就表示 less supervision在传统的家庭中是common，这显然是不正确的；而选项[D] as不符合语法；其实从less以及后边的common，traditional family等几个提示线索的呼应关系就可以判断出是前后“比较”的关系，所以最佳选项是[A] than。
36. 答案：[B] structure
分析：从本段落的第二句话（More families consist of one parent households or two working parents）可以看出这里是有关“家庭结构”的问题，因此本题应该选择[B] structure；而family system指家庭制度。
37. 答案：[B] identifiable
分析：本题考查形容词，主要看与后边名词causes of offensive acts的修饰搭配。而且从上下文的意义来看，本文是在列举造成青少年犯罪的因素。据此，应该只有[B] identifiable（可被识别出的）符合题意；其他选项[A] assessable（可被评估的）、[C] negligible（可被忽视的）以及[D] incredible（令人难以置信的）均不符合题意。
38. 答案：[D] availability
分析：本题所考查的名词increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol是造成青少年犯罪的一个因素，所以[B] restriction（限制）可以马上排除；而[A] expense（花费）以及[C] allocation（分配）表达不出“毒品和酒是越来越容易得到”这个概念，所以 [D] availability（可得到性）最合适。
39. 答案：[A] incidence
分析：本题也是考查一个名词，列举造成青少年犯罪的因素。[A] incidence（发 生率）显然最为合适。其他选项[B] awareness（意识）、[C] exposure（曝光） 以及[D] popularity（流行、受喜欢）在意义上都不合理。 40. 答案：[C] although
分析：本题考查连接词，主要依据是判断上下句的逻辑关系。此处的逻辑关系明显为让步，表达“尽管”的意思。作者: zhangpengcheng 时间: 2006-11-20 10:15
2004 Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search agent". It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility." says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what you think you want to do — then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. "There's no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me," says the author of a job-searching guide.
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs — those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them — and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
41. How did Redmon find his job?
[A] By searching openings in a job database.
[B] By posting a matching position in a database.
[C] By using a special service of a database.
[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.
42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A] Lack of counseling.
[B] Limited number of visits.
[C] Lower efficiency.
[D] Fewer successful matches.
43. The expression "tip service" (line 3, paragraph 3) most probably means ________.
[A] advisory
[B] compensation
[C] interaction
[D] reminder
44. Why does CareerSite's agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
[A] To focus on better job matches.
[B] To attract more returning visits.
[C] To reserve space for more messages.
[D] To increase the rate of success.
45. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.
重点词汇：
stumble across 无意间碰到，偶然发现
难句分析：
①It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.
该强调句的主干是：It is （an interactive feature）that （lets…then… E-mails…），强调主语an interactive feature。That 后面连接的是两个谓语动词结构：let sb. Do sth。和名词活用为动词的E-mail。Such as…结构举例说明job criteria。When引导的时间状语从句修饰整个句子
翻译：它的特点是互动，允许访问者自定求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水，当资料库里出现与个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它就会通过电子邮件通知求职者。
②Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.
该句子分句前后是两个分句，后一分句对前一分句作进一步解释。前一分句的主干是the best strategy is to use the agent，as…介词短语结构意为“当做…”。不定式结构“to keep…”表示目的。
翻译：相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息。当你收到电子邮件时，你就把它当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。
③When CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs — those it considers the best matches.
For example 点明了这个句子和前一句之间的关系；举例说明前面一句话。该句子的主干是：t includes only three potential jobs。When引导时间状语从句。破折号后是potential jobs的同位语，中心词是those，后面接定语从句，句子中的it回指CareerSite's agent
翻译：比如，当求职网代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。
④Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.
该句子的主干是Some use them，两个并列的不定式结构 to keep…or gather…在句子中做目的状语。在第二个目的状语中又含有一个表示目的的不定式短语 to arm…。
翻译：有些人利用搜索代理密切观察对于本行业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备增薪谈判时胸有成竹。
译文：
去年年末，甘特·雷德曼律师在找工作时偶然在网上发现职业资料库“职业建筑师”。他找来找去并没有找到什么工作，但被这个网址上的“个人搜索代理”所吸引。它的特点是互动，允许访问者自定求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水，当资料库里出现与个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它就会通过电子邮件通知求职者。雷德曼选择关键词“法律”、“知识产权”和“华盛顿特区”。过了三个星期，雷德曼接到第一份有职位空缺的通知。他说：“我掘到了金子。”他把个人简历用电子邮件寄给了雇主，接着就得到了一份驻公司顾问的职务。
因特网上与求职相关的网址数以千计，寻找可能的职业空缺费时效率又低。有了搜索代理，就没那么多必要反复访问资料库了。不过，虽然有一个搜索代理成功地为雷德曼找到了工作，就业专家却还是认为搜索代理并不如人意。比如缩小你的要求条件就有可能对你不利。一位专家说：“你每回答一次问题你就丧失一次机会。”
寻找任何职业，你都要从一个狭窄的概念开始，即你想干什么工作，然后再加以扩展。有一位专家说：“任何这些程序中都没有那种扩展功能。”“所有这一切都不包含职业咨询。”相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息。当你收到电子邮件时，你就把它当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。一位职业搜索指南的作者说：“我不会依赖代理在数据库增加的每一项内容里去逐一寻找可能令我感兴趣的东西。”
一些网络谋划让代理诱惑寻职者成为回头客。比如，当求职网代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。可能，在资料库里还有更多的匹配项；求职者于是只好再次访问这个网址来寻找一求职者的确会一而再、再而三地来上网寻找。求职网销售副总裁塞思·皮茨说：“我们发送这些信息的当天访问量就急剧增长。”
即使非求职的人士也会发现搜索代理值得一览。有些人利用搜索代理密切观察对于本行业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备增薪谈判时胸有成竹。雷德曼虽然已愉快就职，但他与“职业建筑师”网代理的联系依旧保持着。他说：“你要永远睁大眼睛。”使用个人搜索代理等于多一双眼睛替你在观察。
答案：
41. [C] 本题的难度值为0.527，中等难度。区分度为0.424，比较理想。
通过使用数据库的一种特殊服务。
42. [A] 本题的难度值为0.393，中等难度。
缺少咨询指导。
43. [D] 本题的难度值为0.38，中等难度。
提醒。
44. [B] 本题的难度值为0.677，比较容易。区分度为0.425，比较理想。
吸引更多回访。
45. [C] 本题的难度值为0.816，比较容易。区分度为0.469，比较理想。
个人搜索代理对已经就业的人来说也有帮助。作者: zhangpengcheng 时间: 2006-11-20 10:16
2004 Text 2
Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.
[B] A type of conspicuous bias.
[C] A type of personal prejudice.
[D] A kind of brand discrimination.
47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
48. The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight
49. What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (line 2, paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing off.
[C] They are feeling humiliated.
[D] They are busy with word puzzles.
50. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
重点词汇：
condemn [kEn5dem]声讨，谴责 [例]condemn sb.'s behaviour谴责某人的举动
insidious [in5sidiEs]暗中进行的，不知不觉的 [例]the insidious approach of age不知不觉就老了
thrive [Wraiv]兴旺，繁荣 [例]He that will thrive, must rise at five. [谚]五更起床, 百事兴旺。
thumb through 翻阅（书页）
suspiciously 猜疑地
predecessor [5pri:disesE] n. 前辈；（被取代的原有事物） pre－前缀“前面”，cess词跟“走”，－or “者，人”“走在我们前面的人”是“前辈”
coincidence [kEu5insidEns]巧合
rot [rCt]腐朽，腐化，the rot sets in 习惯用语，表示“情况开始出毛病；事情开始走下坡”
难句分析：
①This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
该句子的主干是this refers to discrimination。主语this 和谓语refers to之间插入了介词短语for those作状语，those 后跟着形容词短语unaware of…作定语，宾语discrimination 后跟介词短语against those作定语，those后又有whose引导的定语从句。
对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说，它指的是对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。
②Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.
该句子的主干是由and连接的两个分句，即American president and vice-president have surnames，and 26 of…had surnames。第一个分句的宾语surnames后是分词结构starting with作定语；第二个分句宾语紧跟的介词结构in the first half of the alphabet作定语，另外一个分词结构…的完整形式是against just 16 of George Bush's predecessors had surnames in the second half
如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位（包括其父）的姓氏均在字母表的前半部，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。
③Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
该句子的主干是and连接的两个分句：all tend to be drawn up，and their recipients lose interest.冒号前的三个名词短语是第一个分句主语all的同位语。As引导的时间状语从句，修饰第二个分句。
求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单，也是按字母表顺序排序，当人们费劲地向下查看时，兴趣随之索然
译文：
在过去的一个世纪里各种各样的不公和歧视遭到了谴责或定为非法。但是有一种隐蔽的形式还在蔓延：按字母表顺序排名。对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说，它指的是对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。
人们早已知道在客户翻阅电话簿时，名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司要比Zodiac出租汽车公司有很大的优越性。至于在生活方面Adam Abbott较之Zoë Zysman的优越性就不那么为人所知了。英语的姓名虽然在字母表的前后两半部分的分布相当平均，但顶级人物的姓名的首字母在A与K之间的却多得可疑。
如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位（包括其父）的姓氏均在字母表的前半部，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。更加令人瞩目的是七大富裕强国政府的首脑中有六位在其姓氏按字母表顺序排名时靠前（Berlusconi，Blair，Bush，Chirac，Chrétien，Koizumi）。世界三大中央银行行长（Greenspan，Duisenberg，Hayami）全都接近字母表的上端，三人之中有一人即使用日文也是如此。世界上最富有的前五位情况也是如此（Gates，Buffett，Allen，Ellison，Albrecht）。
这仅仅是巧合吗？按字母表顺序排名靠后的人在享受闲暇时光时凭空想出一种理论，认为这种倒霉事老早就开始了。在幼儿学校第一年之始，老师为了较为容易记住学生的名字，就按字母表顺序由前往后给学生排座位。因此近视的小Zysman就被插在了后排，这样一来，粗心的教师提出的有助于提高的问题就很少会问到他。这时，按字母表顺序排名靠后的学生还认为他们能逃避老师的问题很幸运。然而，结果可能就是成绩欠佳，因为这种学生得到的个人关注较少，同时当众讲话时的信心也不足。
这种委屈继续着。在大学的毕业典礼上，姓名首字母是ABC的学生骄傲的首先领到奖品；等轮到Zysmans们领奖品的时候，大多数人简直都在鼾声大作了。求职面试、选举投票、会议发言或参加会议等诸多名单，也是按字母表顺序排序，当人们费劲地向下查看时，兴趣随之索然。
答案：
46. [A] 本题的难度值为0.333，中等难度。区分度为0.314。
一种未引起人们注意的不平等。
47. [D] 本题的难度值为0.517，中等难度。区分度为0.366
某些歧视非常微妙，让人难以确认。
48. [C] 本题的难度值为0.700，比较容易。区分度为0.366，比较理想。
教师应当关注全体学生。
49. [B] 本题的难度值为0.202，偏难。区分度为0.085。
他们在鼾声大作。
50. [D] 区分度为0.372，比较理想。
按字母表顺序排名可能无意中导致偏见。作者: zhangpengcheng 时间: 2006-11-20 10:16
2004 Text 3
When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I'm a good economic indicator," she says, "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars." So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too," she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses," says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.
51. By "Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet" (line 1, paragraph 1), the author means ________.
[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business
[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work
[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit
[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation
52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
[A] Optimistic.
[B] Confused.
[C] Carefree.
[D] Panicked.
53. When mentioning "the $4 million to $10 million range" (lines 2~3, paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.
[A] gold market
[B] real estate
[C] stock exchange
[D] venture investment
54. Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic showdown?
[A] They would benefit in certain ways.
[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.
[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.
[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.
55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] A new boom, on the horizon.
[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.
[C] Caution all right, panic not.
[D] The more ventures, the more chances.
重点词汇：
manicurist [5mAnikjuErist]指甲修饰师；
ingredient [in5^ri:diEnt]成分，因素[例]Salt is a crucial ingredient in cooking.盐是调味的一种重要材料
sustained [sEs5teind]持续不变的，相同的；
boom [bu:m] n.繁荣, 隆隆声v.发隆隆声, 兴隆, 大事宣传繁荣。
难句分析：
①Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
该句是一个并列句，and后面的分句比较复杂，主干为many say…，后接的宾语从句中主干为they remain optimistic about…，even as引导让步状语从句
消费者看起来略显忧虑，并没有惊慌失措。许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。
②Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.
该句的主干是Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings，之后which引导一个定语从句，修饰stock-market swings.
许多消费者似乎一直受股票市场波动的影响，投资者把这种波动视为持续繁荣的必要因素。
Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.
"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Razitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."
"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."
56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
[A] The habit of thinking independently.
[B] Profound knowledge of the world.
[C] Practical abilities for future career.
[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.
[A] undervaluing intellect
[B] favoring intellectualism
[C] supporting school reform
[D] suppressing native intelligence
58. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.
[A] identical
[B] similar
[C] complementary
[D] opposite
59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.
[A] a pioneer of education reform
[B] an opponent of intellectualism
[C] a scholar in favor of intellect
[D] an advocate of regular schooling
60. What does the author think of intellect?
[A] It is second to intelligence.
[B] It evolves from common sense.
[C] It is to be pursued.
[D] It underlies power
重点词汇：
intellect [5intilekt]才学；
symptom [5simptEm]征兆，表现；[例]The doctor made his diagnosis after studying the patient's symptoms.医生研究病人的症状后, 作出诊断
pervasive [pE:5veisiv] 到处弥漫的，普遍的；
distaste [5dis5teist]厌恶；[例]He turned away in distaste.他厌恶地走开了。
vulnerable [5vQlnErEb(E)l]易受攻击的，脆弱的；
populist [5pCpjulist]平民主义者
elitism [ei5li:tizm, i5li:tizm]精英统治论；
rigorous [5ri^ErEs]严格的，严厉的；[例]We should follow rigorous discipline.我们必须遵守严格的纪律。[同义词]rigid,severe，strict
restraint [ris5treint]n.抑制，克制；restrain vt.抑制, 制止
bellyful [5beliful] 满肚子；
exemplify [i^5zemplifai] v.例证；
contemplative [5kCntempleitiv]沉思的；
manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v .（熟练地）操作，（巧妙地）处理；[记]manipulation n 巧妙的操作
ponder [5pCndE] 沉思，考虑；[例]ponder upon the problem仔细考虑问题
theorize [5WiEraiz]建立理论，理论化；
militantly [9mIlI`teErIE]好战的；
hostility [hCs5tiliti] 敌意，敌对。[例]feelings of hostility敌意
难句分析：
①Razitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
句子的主干是Razitch's latest book…traces the roots…。Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms是书的同位语，concluding引导的是状语。
翻译：莱维西最新著作《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》探索学校里反智主义倾向的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。
②Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education.
句子主干为一个直接引语，Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter后面连接的in Anti-Intellectualism in American life作状语，斜体部分为书名，和Pulitzer Prize winning book为同位语。
翻译：历史学家兼教授理查德·霍夫斯塔特在《美国生活中的反智主义》中写道：“才学被看作一种权利或特权而遭厌恶。”该书探讨美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源，曾获普利策奖。
译文：
今天的美国人不很看重才学。我们的英雄不是学者而是运动员、演艺圈名星和企业家。即使是我们的学校也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方，而不是让他们为了知识而去追求学问。学校里不难发现反智主义的普遍表现。
教育学作家戴安·莱维西说：“学校始终处于实用重于才学的社会之中。”“学校本来可能是一种抵消的力量。”莱维西最新著作《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》探索学校里反智主义倾向的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。
但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使得他们极易被利用和控制。如果不能批判地思考、不能捍卫自己的思想、不能理解他人的思想，他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主。作家厄尔·绍利斯说，沿着这条路线发展下去，“我们将变为二流国家。我们的社会将不再那么文明。”
历史学家兼教授理查德·霍夫斯塔特在《美国生活中的反智主义》中写道：“才学被看作一种权利或特权而遭厌恶。”该书探讨美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源，曾获普利策奖。霍夫斯塔特说：自我们的历史之初，我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英优越论味道的东西。实用性、常识以及与生俱有的智力这些素质一直被视作比可以从书本里学得的任何东西都高贵。
拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性。“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·芬》即是美国反智主义的例证。该书的主人公逃避教化——不上学和不学习读书写字——因此他才得以保住善良的天性。
按照霍夫斯塔特的观点，才学不同于天生的智力，它是一种我们不太情愿去赞赏的品质。才学是精神世界中的批评、创造和沉思的一面。智力寻求的是理解、运用、整合和调节，而才学是审视、思考、探究、形成理论、批判和想象。
学校仍然是才学备受怀疑的地方。霍夫斯塔特说，掌握我们国家教育体系的人“沾沾自喜地、霸气十足地公然宣称敌视才学，迫不及待地认同那些看来在才学方面最难造就的孩子。”
答案：
56. [C] 难度0.870 区分度.0.410
为未来职业服务的实用技能。
57. [A] 难度0.401 区分度.0.406
低估才学。
58. [D] 难度0.424
相反的。
59. [B] 难度0.463
重才学教育的反对者。
60. [C] 难度0.440 区分度.0.322
应当追求学问。作者: Shirly 时间: 2006-11-20 11:58
